Thousands of Indian and Pakistani citizens, facing economic difficulties and rising unemployment, are seeking to leave the country, often through unauthorized migration channels. Despite over a decade in power, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government has struggled to address these challenges, prompting discontent among various communities, including Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
Reports reveal that between October 2020 and 2024, over 170,000 Indians were detained at US borders for attempting illegal entry. In 2024 alone, more than 1,000 undocumented Indian migrants were deported from the United States, reflecting a growing trend in migration from economically distressed states such as Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat.
According to official data, 725,000 Indians were residing in the US without proper documentation by 2022, making them the third-largest undocumented migrant group in the world. Many use the Canada-US border as a preferred entry route, with an increasing number of young individuals aged 18 to 34 attempting to cross.
Analysts highlight that a significant proportion of migrants from Punjab are Sikhs, who cite discrimination and government pressure stemming from the Khalistan movement as key factors. Simultaneously, many Indians are attracted by the prospect of clandestine job opportunities in North America despite the risks of deportation.
Authorities in both the US and Canada are tightening border security, considering stricter policies to curb illegal migration, which they view as a significant national security challenge. Experts predict that migration pressures may intensify unless India's domestic economic situation improves.
The brain drain is also noticeable in the Pakistan's health care system. Medical professionals are moving abroad in search of a better income and access to advanced medical technology. As a result, Pakistan's already-fragile health care system is facing a shortage of staff at local hospitals.
"It is painful to see some of our best doctors move to the US, but can we blame them? The conditions at public hospitals are often dire, and the health workers get paid so little," Karachi gynecologist Afsheen Akbar said.
Pakistan's government has come under fire for not doing enough to improve the nation's politics and economy.
Many say efforts to address the cost of living crisis are currently being hampered by the ongoing political unrest.
"To stem this brain drain, we must offer our citizens a future worth staying for," immigration agent Nasir Khan said.
Fears of a deteriorating economic situation have also put Pakistanis studying abroad in distress. Formerly, international students would return to the country to work, but now, with fewer jobs available, many opt to stay in their host countries and apply for permanent residency.
Parents are also finding it more challenging to transfer money to their children who are enrolled in universities abroad, as a result of the devaluation of the Pakistani currency.
"My parents are having a harder time affording my education in Australia, but I hope the decision will pay off when I finally obtain an Australian passport," student Ujala Tariq said.
For years, people in Pakistan have had to contend with joblessness, low wages and limited prospects to advance their careers. Now, the country is also facing a deep political and economic crisis. In addition to the power struggle between the supporters of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and the current government led by Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif — a struggle that has repeatedly turned violent — the value of the Pakistani rupee has been plummeting, and the government is struggling to secure a loan from the International Monetary Fund. The cost of imports such as crude oil has also skyrocketed, stoking inflation.
According to JS Global Securities, inflation in the country is projected to reach over 37% year-on-year in May, the highest since July 1965.
"A salaried individual like myself is really struggling because prices have skyrocketed in recent months," Sana Hashim said. "My income hasn't increased, but the inflation has."
In 2021, about 225,000 Pakistanis left the country, but the number nearly tripled to 765,000 last year, according to the official numbers published by The Express Tribune daily.
The 2022 numbers include 92,000 of highly educated professionals such as doctors, engineers, information technology experts and accountants. Some of them go to the West, others to Middle Eastern countries such Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
And the trend shows no sign of abating in 2023. The latest data indicate that nearly 200,000 people left in the first three months of the year. Nasir Khan, an experienced immigration agent working in Islamabad, told that he has never seen such a surge before.
